USEEIO. With the direct impacts D and the total requirements L, the matrix N which contains the direct plus indirect impact coefficients can be calculated via Eq. & Ingwersen, W. National land occupation totals by industry 2012 v1.1. The footprint of US consumption or production, measured in GHGs, water, or any of the 20+indicators present in Table3 can be calculated using the model. 34, where z is a vector of scores for each commodity, and h, calculated in Eq. This modeling activity may also be referred to as flow sector attribution modeling. Technol. Quarterly census of employment and wages 2012. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Red text indicates an update from the 2018 version of this document. As v1.2 represents the most recently previously peer-reviewed and published USEEIO model, but was built with a different set of data inputs and a different software procedure, comparing v2.0 results against v1.2 is a relevant means of performing model validation. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. BLM/OC/ST-08/001+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls07.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2008). State level USDA CoA data are used to calculate fractions of land use by animal type, which are multiplied by state level MLU pasture and grazed land. Zeng, L. & Ramaswami, A. With the pesticide loss model input data remaining the same, but inflation in the commodity as seen in the P matrix between 2012 (USD year of v2.0) and 2013 (USD year of v1.2) created a lower denominator in v2.0, resulting in a higher pesticide-related impact intensity (since dollar output is in the denominator) for this sector. Young, B. et al. To solve the first problem, BEA-NAICS correspondence for these sectors is approximated after careful inspection and comparison of their definitions in BEA and NAICS systems. The disaggregation process is carried out by disaggregating distinct sections of the Use and Make tables. Changes in animal-related land impact intensity are due to modifying the allocation method for grazing land. For MRNL, the only notable changes in the use intensity are the decrease in Dimensional stone and increase in Sand, gravel, clay This can be explained by an error in allocation of the Sand/gravel flows to Dimensional stone rather than to Sand, gravel, clayin v1.2 and prior versions. 2021 edition of the Emission factors data package. The BEA Use table reports the data for final US demand by these consumers, grouping them at varying levels of resolution depending on the level of resolution of the Use table (i.e., sector, summary or detail). Wolsky, A. M. Disaggregating Input-Output Models. Thus, the flows from the 5-digit sectors must be allocated to the USEEIO sectors. The values in v2.0 resulting from Eq. Electricity and Drinking Water) or construction activities (e.g., Highways, Streets and Bridges, and Utilities Buildings and Infrastructure), which are sectors dominated by domestic activities. Increase in particulate matter emissions for livestock production. Once all the requirements are installed, the generation of v2.0 takes place in a single buildModel function to load the various data components and build the model. Table 6.1 of the Scope 3 Standard provides criteria to identify relevant scope 3 activities: To determine relevance, the organization can review the Scope 3 Standards description of each scope 3 category and consult appropriate contacts across the organization. This is a necessary first order approximation since we found no publicly available data to confirm this for the disaggregated waste sectors. ISSN 2052-4463 (online). This ensures that, for example, pesticide releases to air are not duplicated in both the Criteria and Hazardous air pollutant satellite table and the pesticide satellite table. As for the second problem, each BEA-NAICS correspondence is extended to all related NAICS codes based on a Census-released 26 digit NAICS Code table25. These footprints can be calculated by performing a model calculation as in Eqs. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524314 (2021). JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Emission factors (LCA[16]) -- convert activity data into a measure of CO2e emission, including: Emissions (estimates) associated with extracting, collecting and pre-processing raw materials. Stat. The original environmental and employment data were all produced by from flowsa v1.0.126, whereas environmental datasets originally created for v1 USEEIO models5,7 were mapped and reformatted. Real time updates can be found in the useeior software repository. In v2.0, one of the BEA commodities is split into 7 further resolved (more specific) commodities (404+7=411). The values for the disaggregated waste commodities are allocated based on allocation factors derived from the Economic Census customer classes, as described below. Google Scholar. Home | Emissionfactors To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1517571 (2020). The B or D matrices may be used for similar purposes but only include the direct impact or flow per USD. Briefly stated, monetary input-output (IO) tables give insight into the value of economic transactions between different sectors in an economy, including output for exports, capital formation and final government and private consumption. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The validation results show that the model passes the check shown in Eq. 2 shows that domestic impacts are indeed a proportion of total impacts, with proportions varying by indicator, due to the degree of requirements being met by processes driving the respective impacts. Coverage of these data used in v2.0 is equivalent to that from v1.2 as seen in Table2. EIA manufacturing land area is considered part of the urban land total rather than a stand-alone industrial area category. The result is available in the National Commercial Hazardous Waste Totals by Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset57. Rev. In Water_national_2015_m1, employment data are used to allocate water withdrawals to relevant sectors identified by USGS. US Department of Defense Form EIA-923 detailed data. Users can find a coefficient (per USD) in producers price in 2012 USD by finding the cell at the intersection of the row with the flow (M matrix) or indicator (N matrix) of interest along with the column with the commodity best representing the purchase. Internet Explorer). In v2.0, these emissions have been allocated to manufacturing sectors on the basis of fuel consumption by fuel type30. - Environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) database can be used estimating carbon emissions based on the amount of money spent. Domestic and rest of the world (RoW) impacts can be split out in the model calculations. . The disaggregation of the Waste Sector introduced changes to the economic transactions present in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use Tables that is used as the basis of the USEEIO model. Two matrices are provided that enable price adjustments in the model coefficient matrices (B, D, M, or N). D is an indicator x sector matrix and contains in each column i the direct impact result per 1 USD output of sector j. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. Out of the total inputs to the waste management industry, 51% is due to value added sectors, with employee compensation being 29%, suggesting that waste management is a labor-intensive sector. Timber and raw forest products impact intensity increased due to a decrease in land area assigned to timberland and negative economic growth between 2007 and 2012. Environmental flows generated in flowsa are checked for data loss after allocation to industry sectors, by comparing flow amounts in the original source data to flow amounts in the final output. How to select the correct project type and why it is important This flow update afforded the opportunity to use more standard life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) characterization factors to populate these indicators, which were integrated with the new procedure. Complete Hr and Hf matrices with results for all indicators and by sector are available online73. conceptualized USEEIO v2.0, led the methodological development for model building and validation, contributed to useeior and flowsa software, supervised the team, administered the project, and led writing the manuscript. Chemical releases to air are sourced from 2017 reported emissions data from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI)28 and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)29. Industrial and Mining water withdrawals are proportionally allocated using BLS QCEW employment data47. Scope 3 emissions, also referred to as value chain emissions, often represent the majority of an organizations total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The final perspective associates the totals with the final consumption sectors that drove that impact. Where the BLS is missing data, less aggregated NAICS are summed, or more aggregated NAICS are equally allocated. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524317 (2021). Metadata Updated: January 28, 2022 Tables presenting supply chain and margin emission factors and data quality scores for US commodities and industries calculated from USEEIO models at two levels of commodity/industry categorization, detail and summary, for both industries and commodity, and annually from 2010-2016. Depicts a calculation for estimating GHG emissions applying the emission factor of a power plant that produces a quantity of electricity (identified by the activity data e.g., a utility invoice) that is consumed by an end-user (not pictured in the graphic). For waste management disaggregation, a subset of the RCRAInfo database that contains waste flows from shipping facilities to receiving/storage facilities (arranged by NAICS sector codes) was used. Direct HRSP impacts in agricultural sectors for crops account for a significant share of total impacts (e.g. The GHG Protocol provides two resources to help organizations estimate scope 3 emissions: For financial institutions, The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry, published by the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, offers specific guidance on calculating scope 3, category 15 (investments) emissions. 7. Truck transport fell out of the top 20. This equation is shown in Eq. USEEIO v2.0 described herein is a commodity model with the full breadth of US economic output split into 411 commodity categories. Licensing. The indicator characterization factors for all elementary flows were built in the LCIA Formatter v1.0.263 as LCIA data products. The adjustment matrices (P and ) can be used as desired to transform a coefficient into a more recent dollar year and into purchaser price. Li, M., Ingwersen, W., Young, B., Vendries, J. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects (2019). 28. Three standard national level demand vectors were created for use with the model to calculate potential impacts of US consumption, production and consumption from households. USEEIO v2.0, or referred to solely as v2.0, is the latest edition of the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model for assessing a full suite of potential life cycle impacts of US goods and services. This data is more complete than the flows reported by hazardous waste shippers, and so is preferred for the waste disaggregation. The USGS publishes state-level water withdrawal estimates for nine broad categories: Aquaculture, Domestic, Industrial, Irrigation Crop, Irrigation Golf Courses, Livestock, Mining, Public Supply, and Thermoelectric Power. This methodology modification follows work by Zeng and Ramaswami and is meant to avoid double counting forest land use with grazing land37. In v2.0, water for mining sectors is first attributed to 6-digit NAICS using employment data before mapped to BEA industry codes. For these datasets, the national totals by sector were extracted directly from the published datasets5,7. Five categories are reported in year one and 12 in year five. The breakdown of these data into the records given in Table2 is not identical to that given in Table1 of the original USEEIO description2, but all these data are aggregated during model construction (see Model Construction section), and therefore the breakdown just describes the form of these data as they are originally processed and imported. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants. How to use EEIO model within Sustainability Manager: The quantity equals the cost, and the company spend code is used as reference data. The allocation of the value added sectors is handled separately (and described below). Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). In the original analysis, BLM hard rock leases and EIA MECS relied on BEA employee compensation for granular allocation. Figure 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OZON showed decreased or little change in nearly all sectors. Outside of agricultural land, there is a sharp increase for Museums, historical sites, zoos and parks. in order to minimize inter-plant variability. 25. Learn More BLM/OC/ST-13/002+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls2012-web.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2013). The Sector Crosswalk can be used to identify a NAICS code associated with a USEEIO code, and tools like the Census NAICS code search75 can be used to identify NAICS codes associated with the purchase. With the flow coefficient matrix B and the total requirements matrix L, the matrix M which contains the direct and indirect flow coefficients can be calculated with Eq. Any of these matrices, used together with its respective domestic matrix, can be used to divide the values between those occurring in the US and those in the rest of the world, by taking the difference of a result with the domestic model and the full model, as in Eq. environmental pollution waste material air pollution water pollution, economic input-output data environmental release data resource use data. v1.2 was created using the 2014 BLS National Employment Matrix, while v2.0 was created with 2017 BLS QCEW. 12, which is the weighted average of price adjustments in commodities that make up m (e.g. Domestic water withdrawals are assigned to the BEA code F01000, as no NAICS code represents households. Report No. v2.0 relies on the BLS QCEW data for the employment satellite table to maintain a consistent employment data source throughout all environmental accounts, as BLS QCEW is used as an allocation source. This report describes the preparation of those factors with a background on the modeling associated with this preparation, and presents extensive analysis of the factors, including supporting equations and results in two appendices. Clean. In flowsa, source classification codes are used to allocation emissions to one or more NAICS through activity-to-sector mapping files. Report No. A comprehensive BEA-to-NAICS sector mapping table is built with these complementary pieces to the main correspondence. Rehkamp, S., Canning, P. & Birney, C. Tracking the U.S. The Make table columns represent which commodities are produced by different industries. Water withdrawal impact intensity differences are attributed to allocation methodology changes for the irrigation, mining, and industrial USGS water use categories. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2002). Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. Reviewed and released models are listed on the model technical content webpage . Other agricultural commodities show the inverse change in v2.0, where the agricultural output in v2.0 is higher and thus the pesticide release and related impact intensities are lower. The element-wise product of B and adjusts B for the flow year differences and effectively converts B into a harmonized 2012 year form. This EPA report describes supply chain GHG emission factors prepared with versions of the USEEIO, which are life cycle models of all categories of goods and services and industries in the US economy. Green Purchasing in Alameda County, CA Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2023), Scientific Data (Sci Data) Miller, R. & Blair, P. Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions. The MLU land use categories are further allocated to 6-digit NAICS, modeled on Zeng and Ramaswamis methodology37. For national USEEIO models, results calculated with these variables represent US region results. 4, 5. This report, Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities, describes the preparation of those factors with a background on the modeling associated with this preparation, and presents extensive analysis of the factors, including supporting equations and results in two appendices. The decline in impact intensity for Tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, peanuts, sugar beets, herbs and spices and other crops is attributed to correcting an error in the v1.2 calculation. The second ranking is done with Hf calculated where y is the US consumption vector, yc (see Eq. Resour. The name changes are made because BEA uses the same names for commodities as those used for the respective industries (industries and commodities share the same codes), which are derived from the NAICS industry names, and the assignment of names better fit to describe a commodity rather than an industry adds clarity to commodity representation in the model. This paper describes the development of the model and accompanies the release of a full model dataset as well as various supporting datasets of national environmental totals by US industry. For v2.0, Waste management and remediation services is disaggregated into the seven sectors shown in Table5. In addition, because scope 3 sources may represent most of an organizations GHG emissions, they often offer emissions reduction opportunities. LCIA formatter. 1b, rankings reveal some minor shifting of positions. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with support of theDepartment of Energys Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO), are using USEEIO as a key resource for the development of their Bio-Economy Input-Output Model. [email protected]. For most sectors, the commodity values are distributed using the percentages obtained from the disaggregation of the waste management industries in the Use table. As described in the Splitting Impacts section, in v2.0, impacts can be split between those originating in the US vs. the rest of the world. The intent of this detailed analysis is to provide information and recommendations on available opportunities to work with County vendors to improve environmental performance and advance the health and wellbeing of the residents of Alameda County and beyond., US Department of Energy However, these models did not incorporate additional sector disaggregation, did not include domestic model variants, lacked other environmental matrices and associated indicators described for v2.0 herein, and the full set of matrices for these models were not published. ADS Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIOv1.1 - Satellite Tables. 95% for Fresh soybeans, canola, flaxseeds, and other oilseeds and Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains). A main assumption in the disaggregation of waste management sectors is that the receivers of waste flows are being paid for waste treatment. A revision to the mapping of NAICS to BEA sectors for NAICS 23 Construction fixed an error in v1.1 that resulted in substantially lower emissions coefficients. In general, the final demand in the BEA Use table can be grouped into the following categories: yg=federal, state and local government consumption. 18. Environmentally Extended Input-Output Data.EEIO data refers to EEIO emission factors that can be used to estimate scope 1, 2, and upstream Scope 3 GHG Emissions for a given industry or product category.. EEIO data is particularly useful in screening emissions sources when prioritizing data collection efforts. This follows from the use of the value added directly from the 2012 Use tables and the Leontief price model72 that the sum of all direct and indirect value added equals the index price. Data for commercial hazardous waste are sourced from the Resource Conversation Recovery Act Biennial Report, the same source as used in v1.2. Users should be aware of the limitations of using the Rest of World results. What are emission factors? And where can I find them? PubMedGoogle Scholar. In some cases, an emissions estimate may be necessary to determine if the category is relevant based on size. Facts and figures. The water methodology in the Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1.1 tracked water returns, allowing for the calculation of water consumption by industry. The EEIO sector determines the region and sector-based factors which are used for estimating financed emissions. The construction sectors, Single family homes, Other residential structures, and Housing, have all dropped significantly in the ranking, the latter two no longer appearing in the top 20. These factors were prepared using USEEIO models, which are a life cycle models of goods and services in the US economy. 28 is a slightly modified form of the model result calculation using the direct perspective. The data includes fresh and saline water withdrawn from surface and ground sources and evaporative water loss to the atmosphere. 11:25-11:30. Therefore, BEA code 1111A0 should be connected to all these NAICS codes in order to form a complete BEA-NAICS correspondence. In agricultural sectors, the consumption of other agricultural commodities are the primary drivers of SMOG. In contrast, in USEEIO v1.2, the comparable value added coefficients varied from ~0.51.5, because of a method to approximate 2016 value added from summary level data to pair with the 2007 Use table6 that led to a departure from this identity. In Water_national_2015_m1, these water withdrawal categories are attributed to sectors using additional data sources for allocation, when necessary. Processing of Criteria and Hazardous Air Emissions was supported by the office of Fossil Energy (FE) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) under NETL Contract Number DE-FE0025912. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1522413 (2021). For example, Table 8 of the GHG Emission Factors Hub lists factors aligned with the distance-based method. The attribution methodology for the remaining water categories follows Rehkamp et al.s sector attribution approach46. Increase in nonpoint emissions for manufacturing sectors. The same default set of indicators used in the SMM Prioritization Tools were used in this ranking for both models. The model is validated through reproduction of national totals from input data sources and through analysis of changes from the most recent complete USEEIO model that can be explained based on data updates or method changes. For example, the total flows counted by the 5-digit Waste collection (56211) sector do not equal the flows of the 6-digit Waste collection flow subsectors (562611, 562112, 562119). This method for creating the A matrix is based on the industry- technology assumption, wherein the manufacture of the primary and any secondary commodities by an industry uses the same production requirements, and the commodity requirements are based therefore on the mix of industries that produce that commodity, weighted by their relative share of total commodity output16. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 2014 generator-based characterization of commercial sector disposal and diversion in california. PubMed Central Many organizations quantify greenhouse emissions in their value chain. Environmentally Extended Input-Output Data - Open Risk Manual N is an indicator x sector matrix and contains in each row i the direct and indirect impact result per 1 USD output of sector j. This model was based on the 2007 input-output data with 385 commodities and mixed-year environmental data with the latest representing 2013. v1.1 added additional satellite tables and made methodological updates to some existing tables5,6. Report No. Econ. The sets of commodities in the top 20 from v2.0 and v1.2 in the production and consumption-based rankings are nearly identical, with some notable substitutions and some exchanging of places. To provide a greater resolution, a technique commonly applied to IO tables is disaggregation19, which splits a single sector into multiple sectors within the IO tables. Abstract and Figures. The operator is used for elementwise multiplication in contrast with no symbol between adjacent matrices or vectors which denotes a matrix multiplication. This paper presents a summary of the complete v2.0 model attributes and model creation with a focus on describing methodological updates since the publication of the original USEEIO methodology. The calculated per capita GHG in the US production view of 15.57 MTCO2e/person is reasonably close to a World Bank tabulated estimate of 15.77 MTCO2e/person in 201266, considering USEEIO v2.0 is a mixed year model with the GHG emissions data representing 2016 intensity in 2012 USD.
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